Showing posts with label Socrates. Show all posts
Showing posts with label Socrates. Show all posts

February 05, 2013

Professor's opacity as a productive principle

The Uttarpara speech was made after deep God-realization, although it has been misinterpreted and appropriated for sectarian purposes by those who do not understand the universality of Sanatana Dharma. I don’t think he ever rejected the speech, because the same theme is repeated in the “five dreams” message he gave when India became free in 1947.

Jabberwock: Divine savages and “real” truth 17 Oct 2011 [Did a shorter version of this for my Sunday Guardian books column]
There is no such thing as an “objective” reader or reviewer – our feelings about a book are shaped by many things working in conjunction: personal experiences, biases, genetic makeup, level of engagement with a subject, and so on. The best a reviewer can do is to admit the necessary subjectivity of his perspective and then tackle a book as honestly as possible.

The Other Tale of Indian Modernity: Savita Singh by Pratilipi Blog January 30, 2013
As an interpreter invariably does while understanding the truth, I too do not presume that the entire truth lies in the text itself. For, after the truth has been communicated to the readers, and some clarity has been brought to the text compared to its previous reading, the truth still remains. Truth perhaps is a remainder. In the light of this position on ...

It was Freud, Nietzsche, and Marx who taught us that the subject is split or barred, and that our relationship to ourselves is characterized by a fundamental meconaissance. In the Freudo-Nietzschean constellation, this split is between the conscious ego that takes itself to be the one calling the shots, and those acephalous unconscious desires or that unconscious will of which we are but an effect. It is this unconscious desire or will that is calling the shots, not the sovereign ego. In the case of Marx, this split nature of the subject is located in the way we are caught up in social relations that exceed our conscious intentionality, functioning as determinants of our action…
Hume begins with an obvious “common sense” thesis about how we come to know– “all knowledge originates in sensations” –yet in holding fast to this thesis he unsettles all our common sense about knowledge and the world. Husserl begins with an obvious thesis– “look at the things themselves!” –yet in executing this project he unsettles our assumptions about what it is to experience the world and objects, opening a vast domain that continues to challenge central assumptions in cognitive science, psychology, the social sciences, etc. 5:27 am

Great Moments in the Classroom from Larval Subjects January 31, 2008 Students shuffling out of the classroom after a discussion of Platonic realism and the possibility of transcendent, objective values independent of culture, history, and individual determination.
STUDENT: “This class is impossible.”
ME (Alarmed): “Why?”
STUDENT: “We come in here thinking we understand the world and now we discover that everything we think might be mistaken.”

I think what was most important in the comment was the statement that “everything we think might be mistaken”. That is, the conditional. The world becoming questionable or mysterious is a condition, I think, for practicing philosophy. In the philosophy classroom– especially at the introductory level –I believe the production of this space of the question is the most important and significant thing to be accomplished. That is, the teaching of philosophy shouldn’t be about demonstrating a particular doctrine, nor is it simply about acquainting students with a variety of different philosophical positions (though that’s important), but is rather about opening the space of questionability as such.

I go back and forth on the question of whether anything should be pushed in the classroom. In part I think about Socrates and how you can never pin down what his position might be or if he even has one. In part I think about the nature of the analyst’s position in the analytic setting, where the analyst sets his own desire to the side so that the analysand might discover his or her own desire. It seems to me that this opacity of the professors own positions can function as a sort of productive principle where the students progressively discover their own thought as they try to figure out what it is that the professor thinks or wants. I guess in my own teaching I try to advocate fully for whatever material it is I’m teaching. One moment I’ll be vigorously defending Kierkegaard or Augustine, only to shift to Lucretius or Nietzsche. I’ll bring critical tools to bear on one tradition from another tradition, and so on. I can’t decide whether there’s a principle behind this or not. I would like to think that part of the aim is to undermine attachments to the professor as “master”. Here I always think back to Deleuze’s remark that “the best teachers are never those who say ‘do as I do’ (representation), but who invite to ‘do with me’”.

January 29, 2013

Sri Aurobindo had seen the Truth and sensed the presence of the Source

Mamata Shankar Reopens Historic Indian Silk House in Kolkata: "Tradition is the Mother of All Fashion Trends" Kolkata, Jan 27, 2013 (Washington Bangla Radio) Calcutta Music Blog Reporting by Barshali Banerjee (newsdesk.kolkata@washingtonbanglaradio.com)
Internationally renowned danseuse and actress Mamata Shankar re-inaugurated the hallowed "Indian Silk House" and shared her thoughts about about traditionalism with WBRi... Indian Silk House was founded in 1926 by Shri Rishabhchand who, fired by his patriotic fervor, plunged into the Non-Cooperation movement against the British. The House has dressed Indian film and entertainment icons like Nargis, Supriya Devi, Chhabi Biswas, Sarat Chandra Bose, P.C. Sorcar senior and more. The business was carried on by his brothers and son after Rishabhchand settled in Sri Aurobindo Ashram at Pondicherry in 1931.

Scientist sees end to poverty in 50 years Times of India KOLKATA: Jan 29, 2013, 
Dr Mani Lal Bhaumik, one of the rare scientists to bridge science and spirituality was speaking at a lecture organised by the Sri Aurobindo Institute of Culture and Suresh Amiya Memorial Trust at the Future Foundation School on Sunday evening. "The technology is there. So is the money. All we need now is the right political circumstances to eradicate poverty," said the inventor of excimer laser used in corrective eye surgery. Bhaumik, who is a real life rags-to-riches story, was born in a village in Tamluk but went on to receive global acclaim for his scientific prowess and humanitarian work.
"It thrills me to think that Sri Aurobindo had seen the Truth that our rishis saw in the Vedic age and scientists are only now beginning to dwell upon. He had sensed the presence of the 'Source' - the source of the beginning of the universe - in everything around us, and within us. Our awareness is part of the cosmic awareness. Perhaps the next step of evolution is that we will be able to perceive the 'Source'."

13:20  -  From the Editor’s Desk (Feb 2013) » From the Editor’s Desk (Feb 2013)
In the last few editions, we have been touching on parts and planes of the being. In this edition, we stand on the rung of the Illumined Mind, greater then the Higher Mind in its lustre and power and capacities. These are zones of our being which have to be lived to know and known, in the truest sense, in order to be lived. It is best to leave the lines from Sri Aurobindo and The Mother to illumine us as much as ...

13:30  -  Comment on Epistemology of perception by Sandeep » Bina Gupta has covered the Vedantin view in her book “Cit Consciousness”. The following passage from her book expands on the section “Perception in Vedanta” seen in the article above.
Pure consciousness on account of being covered by the multiplicity of names and forms cannot associate itself with the objects of cognition. Instrumentality of the inner sense is required to establish its connection with the object. The Advaitins hold that the inner...

Saraswathi Mukkai - 05:31  -  Complete Education » What makes Education complete Education to be complete must have five principal aspects corresponding to the five principal activities of the human being: the physical, the vital, the mental, the psy... mment... 05:20  -  Perceiving our forefathers wrongly » In the book titled "The Human Cycle", Sri Aurobindo points out how we mistakenly perceive the actions of our forefathers. We read always our own mentality into that of these ancient forefathers and ...

Hayek was a NATURAL RIGHTS advocate. He wanted firmly bounded constitutions at all levels of government. He would never tolerate, even in any "market" based political model, ANY diminution of liberty for the sake of some experiments on people. What you are saying is that it is quite OK for me to be driven OUT of my place of birth because someone imposes their ideas on me and I refuse to accept them. So you are committing two major fallacies:
a) You are accepting the reduction of my liberties. But I live not to be governed by others. I live to be free. I deny anyone ANY right to impose their will on me.
b) You are advocating Rousseau's collectivist idea of "general will" by which a particular village can have the right to form a "general" collectivist view about what can or cannot be done in that village. Both are based on the same foundational flaw – that a MAJORITY has a right to encroach on ANYONE'S liberty. Majorities DO NOT HAVE RIGHTS. We humans have individual natural rights.  All of us have the right to life and liberty.
So, as you can clearly see, Shailesh, you and Arvind come from the same COLLECTIVIST mould of Rousseau. You are willing to tolerate the destruction of liberty by majorities.
That, by the way, was the reason why Socrates OPPOSED democracy, for he knew that there are some who elevate democracy ("general will") to a status greater than the individual.
I deny ALL such rubbish. I refute ANY attempt or any possibility that a village assembly can have ANY right to limit ANYONE'S liberties. That is, by the way, exactly what Hayek would say, but in far more suave and sophisticated language.
Sanjeev Sabhlok says: November 20, 2012 at 2:59 pm Shailesh, Democracy is not a goal. Liberty is. By glorifying the majority you undermine and destroy liberty, making the government itself irrelevant and a candidate for being destroyed. Hitler’s Germany was a democracy. Socrates was killed by democracy. Sri Aurobindo – the vocal opponent of socialism

Habitations Of Modernity - Page 23 - Dipesh Chakrabarty - 2002 - Preview - More editions The process of inversion is reflected clearly in Aurobindo's [a nationalist leader] famous Uttarpara speech ... "I spoke once before ...” … He never considers the possibility that a religious sensibility might also use a political structure and a political vocabulary as means... For that is indeed the burden of Aurobindo's speech, from which Sarkar seems to have his ear turned away ...
Mapping Subaltern Studies And The Postcolonial - Page 264 - Vinayak Chaturvedi - 2000 - Preview - More editions For Sarkar, the Marxist historian, the question never arises as to whether a 'religious sensibility' could also use a political structure and vocabulary as a means to a (religious) end (for that indeed is the burden of Aurobindo's speech from which ...
Political Thought and Leadership of Lokmanya Tilak - Page 333 N. R. Inamdar - 1983 - Preview - More editions Aurobindo Ghosh who had long felt the same way, hailed Tilak as a leader of clear perception. ... The burden of Tilak's song was bound to be the same: The bureaucracy is incompetent and inexperienced for the job for which it is appointed...
Sri Aurobindo, his life unique - Page 141 - Rishabhchand - 1981 - Chittaranjan was a budding barrister at that time, and, encumbered with the burden of his father's debts and the maintenance of a big family, he was unable to make up his mind as to whether he should take up Sri Aurobindo's case or not.
Elite Conflict in a Plural Society: Twentieth-Century Bengal - Page 134 - J. H. Broomfield - 1968 - Preview - More editions His successful defence of Aurobindo Ghose, Bipin Chandra Pal, and other leading nationalists brought him fame and riches. In a few years he had become the city's leading barrister, enjoying the luxury of frequent trips to Europe during the ... Page 32 At the same time there were disquieting, if less serious, trends within bhadralok society itself. The criticism by Aurobindo, Bipin Chandra, Rabindranath and others of the old Congress group for their denationalised and exclusive political ... Page 162 LOWER-CLASS BHADRALOK The trend of our argument has presented us with a logical problem: if, as we have asserted, the Bengal Congressmen were so implacably opposed to Gandhi and his programme of noncooperation, why did ...
Studies in history - Volume 1, Issue 1 - Page 93 - Jawaharlal Nehru University. Centre for Historical Studies - 1979 - The fact that Broomfield has to invent a term, "lower class bhadralok," for which there is no corresponding indigenous term, shows ... The "lower class bhadralok," share, with their superiors, all the status traits: high caste, access to education, ...
Soundings in Modern South Asian History - Page 246 D. A. Low - 1968 - Preview - More editions The vernacular press, which drew most of its readers from among the semi-educated, underemployed lower-class bhadralok, played upon this bitterness, ridiculing the elite for their English affectations of speech, dress and manners, accusing ...
Anglophone Poetry in Colonial India, 1780-1913: A Critical Anthology - Page 355 Mary Ellis Gibson - 2011 - Preview Paul's and at Cambridge. His biographer, Peter Heehs, argues that while we cannot know precisely how clearly Aurobindo planned this failure, it relieved him of a burden he did not wish to take up; Aurobindo wrote in later years that he could ...
The Lives of Sri Aurobindo - Page 278 - Peter Heehs - 2008 - Preview - More editions Nietzsche's superman, a godhead of power who “fiercely and arrogantly repels the burden of simple sorrow and service,” embodied only one of the three qualities of superhumanity: “Power,” Aurobindo wrote, “must bow its neck to the yoke of ...
J.L. Mehta on Heidegger, Hermeneutics, and Indian Tradition - Page 165 - Jarava Lal MehtaWilliam J. Jackson - 1992 - Preview In my own humble judgment, however, Aurobindo's Vedic studies constitute the one single, central pillar which carries the burden of Aurobindo's creative thought, the one stalk on which the thousand-petalled lotus of his thinking blossomed, ...
A Moral Critique of Development: In Search of Global Responsibilities - Page 266 - Ph Quarles van Ufford, Anta Kumar Giri - 2003 - Preview - More editions For Sri Aurobindo, 'There is in our mentality a side of will, conduct, character which creates the ethical man; then there is another side of sensibility to the beautiful – understanding beauty in no narrow or hyperartistic sense – which creates the ...
Symbolism In The Poetry Of Sri Aurobindo - Page 12 - Syamala Kallury - 1989 - Preview - More editions Of music, the third important trait of symbolist poetry, Sri Aurobindo says that it is "one of the powers by which the substance of the consciousness can be refined and prepared for sensibility to a still higher Beauty and Ananda." The Vedas ...
"Of Many Heroes": An Indian Essay in Literary Historiography - Page 109 - G. N. Devy - 1998 - Preview - More editions It is a book that battles against the coercive influence of the English sensibility on Indian literature. ... All those poets who do not appeal to Sri Aurobindo's sensibility are then described as the poets farthest from the source of divinity. All those ...
Spectrum History Of Indian Literature In English - Page 235 - Ram Sewak SinghCharu Sheel Singh - 1997 - Preview - More editions This will clearly indicate that Aurobindo wanted to bring the Vedic and the Upanisadic spirit as the dominant mode of thought that should guide and shape contemporary Indian sensibility particularly concerning art and literature. Moreover...
Thinkers Of Indian Renaissance - Page 292 - S A Abbasi - 1998 - Preview And like Ananda Coomaraswamy, Sri Aurobindo revealed the subtlest meanings of Vedic thought and sensibility. Indeed the two philosophers are alike in seeing plainly into the clear depths of India's soul. Concerning the significance of Indian ...
Esalen: America and the Religion of No Religion - Page 63 - Jeffrey J. Kripal - 2007 - Preview - More editions There are good historical reasons why Aurobindo avoided any explicit alliance with the Tantras... Simply because we lack the centrality of the term "Tantra" in his text, then, does not mean that we cannot or should not use the term in our own precise ways; it simply means that Aurobindo chose not to do so for his own perfectly sensible and very defensible historical and cultural reasons. On The Edge Of The Future: Esalen And The Evolution Of American ... - Page 115 - Jeffrey John KripalGlenn W. Shuck - 2005 - Preview - More editions
Philosophy Of Education - Page 219 - S.S. ChandraS.S. Chandra & Rajendra Kumar Sharma - 2006 - Preview - More editions In his philosophy everywhere Sri Aurobindo has supported reason like any staunch rationalist and lauded its role as the law giver to the irrational elements, the passions, the sensibilities and the sense organs. A true and living education is ...

October 14, 2012

Ethics and politics are indivisible

BEYOND THE RULE OF REASON from Dr. Sanity Metaphysics is the branch of philosophy that describes existence, and it leads directly to Epistemology, which concerns itself with knowledge. METAPHYSICS (What is existence?) ----> EPISTEMOLOGY (How do we know it?)
The answers derived from these two branches of philosophy lead directly to several other key branches of philosophy, including Ethics (how should we behave?) and Politics (what degree of force is permissible ). So you can see that one's metaphysics is a crucial foundation to how one interprets the world and how one behaves in it. For those of you who think all this philosophy business is too abstract and irrelevant to your life; you are very very wrong. Catastrophically wrong.
These ideas have everything to do with your life and how you live it. They are also the crux of why the world we live in seems to be more and more incomprehensible and insane. When you begin with the belief that reality doesn't exist outside your own head, then, it is just a very short--and minor--leap to accepting that words don't matter and can change meaning on a whim; or that it doesn't matter how you behave; that everything is relative anyway, including truth and morality. But, just because reality is ambiguous and sometimes difficult to determine; it hardly gives someone carte blanche to say that every interpretation is of equal value and should be treated as such.

Lecture at JNU by DR. MARIANO ITURBE, University of NavarraSpain - from Philosophy News in India by Dr Desh Raj Sirswal - “The Concept of Justice in Plato”
Plato, together with Socrates and Aristotle, laid the philosophical foundations of Western culture. His thought has logical, epistemological, and metaphysical aspects; but its underlying motivation is ethical. At the centre of all his writings there is the Greek insight that Reason, the logos, is nature steering all things from within.
For Plato, ethics and politics are indivisible implications of the natural order. He wanted to discover the real nature of the State. Thus, the Republic, the greatest of all his dialogues, has three main strands of argument deftly combined into an artistic whole –the ethical and political, the aesthetic and mystical, and the metaphysical.
The Republic seeks an answer to the nature of justice. Justice consists in a harmony that emerges when the various parts of a unit perform the function proper to them and abstain from interfering with the functions of any other part. More specifically, justice occurs with regard to the individual, when the three component parts of his soul – reason, appetite, and spirit, or will – each perform their appropriate tasks; with regard to society, justice occurs when its component members each fulfill the demands of their allotted roles. Harmony is ensured in the individual when the rational part of his soul is in command; with regard to society, when philosophers are its rulers because platonic philosophers have a clear understanding of justice, based on their vision of the Form of the Good. Justice is the principle which makes the State a whole and maintains its parts in due proportion.

On the economic value of the humanities from Love of All Wisdom by Amod Lele [This entry will be cross-posted at the Bulletin for the Study of Religion]
One is not best served by the old humanities disciplines – philosophy, literature, history, religious studies – and their characteristic methods of inquiry. These fields teach a large amount of content knowledge that has no marketable applications. Nor should it – for that was never supposed to be the point… Public universities exist and should exist because they are a public good – the state subsidizes an activity which would be impossible without it.
Among these activities are the transmission of great, valuable ideas from generation to generation, and the continual reinterpretation of those ideas for new and different times. Those are the reasons that the humanities came into being in the first place, and they continue to be the reasons the humanities are valuable now. In a public context, the academic humanities should make their case on those old-fashioned but perennial grounds…
I am aware that even within the humanities, many – perhaps most – do not see their task as so old-fashioned. Call them postmodernists, critical theorists, or whatever one wishes, these more recent humanists view the task of the humanities as something different: a kind of critique that goes well beyond “critical thinking” in the usual sense, to a radical unmasking of society’s hidden presuppositions. 

East and West – Sri Aurobindo - A critique of the book - East and West by Sri Aurobindo « Mirror of Tomorrow The unification of the East and the West is the religion of today. But in this task of unification, if we consider the West as the foundation or the chief support we ... 

The Hindu : NATIONAL TAMIL NADU : Chennai today Sri Aurobindo Society: Talk on 'Sri Aurobindo and Bharathiyar', 5, Smith Rd., Anna Salai, 10.30 a.m.  

October 04, 2012

Heraclitus, Nietzsche, Bergson, & Sri Aurobindo

So long as we try to understand the concept of rebirth using the faculties of the mind, it is impossible to come to any solid basis. Due to the limitations of the mind and its faculties of perception and understanding, we are left with conflicting ideas and contradictory points of view. It is essentially impossible for the mind to grasp anything that is outside its normal range of focus and action, and clearly the operation of a universal process of development using rebirth as a mechanism goes far beyond the normal scope of the mental power.
In reviewing the concept of rebirth, we need to be able to look at facts, assemble data, and understand things in a logical and consistent manner. Most of us tend to take things on faith, and devote little time to deep consideration of the issues. This is particularly true for those who accept or deny the theory of rebirth. The acceptance or the denial are generally based on little serious consideration, but rather, on a packaged concept that we either accept more or less blindly, or deny on the same basis.

“At this point, it must be emphasized that philosophies like Samkhya, Vedanta and Tantra should be used as a support for intuition and not a rigid logical system for disputation.   Our goal must always be the verification of philosophies through one’s spiritual experience.” Sandeep September 29, 2012 at 10:34 am In the ancient past, there have been disputes amongst prominent schools of Indian philosophy over the nature of the Universe. I was referring to those disputes in that passage.

I’ve just finished Gilles Deleuze’s book Bergsonism (1990). Here is my outline of the text: Deleuze’s Bergsonism: Notes and Outline. Bergson suggested that the Absolute had to be approached from two sides, the scientific and the metaphysical. Science/Intellect considers the universe according to a series of states. Metaphysics/Intuition considers the universe according to the self-differentiation of a whole.

The ideas of Heraclitus on which I have so far laid stress, are general, philosophical, metaphysical; they glance at those first truths of existence, devanam prathama vratani, [The first laws of working of the Gods.] for which philosophy first seeks because they are the key to all other truths. But what is their practical effect on human life and aspiration? For that is in the end the real value of philosophy for man, to give him light on the nature of his being, the principles of his psychology, his relations with the world and with God, the fixed lines or the great possibilities of his destiny. It is the weakness of most European philosophy - not the ancient - that it lives too much in the clouds and seeks after pure metaphysical truth too exclusively for its own sake; therefore it has been a little barren because much too indirect in its bearing on life. It is the great distinction of Nietzsche among later European thinkers to have brought back something of the old dynamism and practical force into philosophy, although in the stress of this tendency he may have neglected unduly the dialectical and metaphysical side of philosophical thinking.
No doubt, in seeking Truth we must seek it for its own sake first and not start with any preconceived practical aim and prepossession which would distort our disinterested view of things; but when Truth has been found, its bearing on life becomes of capital importance and is the solid justification of the labour spent in our research. Indian philosophy has always understood its double function; it has sought the Truth not only as an intellectual pleasure or the natural dharma of the reason, but in order to know how man may live by the Truth or strive after it; hence its intimate influence on the religion, the social ideas, the daily life of the people, its immense dynamic power on the mind and actions of Indian humanity. The Greek thinkers, Pythagoras, Socrates, Plato, the Stoics and Epicureans, had also this practical aim and dynamic force, but it acted only on the cultured few. That was because Greek philosophy, losing its ancient affiliation to the Mystics, separated itself from the popular religion; but as ordinarily Philosophy alone can give light to Religion and save it from crudeness, ignorance and superstition, so Religion alone can give, except for a few, spiritual passion and effective power to Philosophy and save it from becoming unsubstantial, abstract and sterile. It is a misfortune for both when the divine sisters part company.