The Arya was conceived as a joint venture of Sri
Aurobindo and Paul Richard, a French national residing at Pondicherry,
in the spring of 1914. Sri Aurobindo remarked on more than one occasion that,
though he was not adverse to the idea, it was Richard who initially proposed
the project of publishing a journal.
Arya: A Philosophical Review was a 64-page
monthly periodical written by Sri
Aurobindo and published in India between
1914 and 1921. The majority of the material which initially appeared in the Arya was
later edited and published in book-form as The Life Divine, The
Synthesis of Yoga, The Secret of the Veda, The
Foundations of Indian Culture and The Ideal of Human Unity as
well as a number of translations of Vedic literature. Sri Aurobindo: Works in "Arya" ... 5:51 pm
The
Prospectus of the Arya (French edition). [Please note that
except where indicated the English translation is by the editors of Sri
Aurobindo: Archives and Research. No copy of the English prospectus of Arya has
survived.] English Translation “ARYA” OUR PROGRAMME.
The “ARYA” is a review of pure philosophy. The object which it has set before itself is twofold:– 1. A systematic study of the highest problems of existence; 2. The formation of a Synthesis of knowledge, harmonising the diverse religious
traditions of humanity occidental as well as oriental. Its method will be that
of a realism, at once rational and transcendental, — a realism consisting in
the unification of intellectual and scientific discipline with those of
intuitive experimentation. The Review will also serve as an organ for the various groups and societies
founded on its inspiration.20 ... 8:05 pm
The
Religious, the Spiritual, and the Secular: Auroville and ... - Page 38 - Robert
Neil Minor - 1999 - Preview - More
editions Paul Richard proposed the publication of a
philosophical magazine that could spread Aurobindo's message to the world, and
on Aurobindo's forty-second birthday, August 15, 1914, the Richards published the first
edition of the Arya.
A
History of Indian Literature in English - Page 119 Arvind Krishna Mehrotra
- 2003 - Preview - More
editions In 1914 Aurobindo joined forces with Paul and Mirra Richard to
publish Arya, 'a Review of
pure philosophy'. The Richards were
obliged to live outside India
between 1915 and 1920, but Aurobindo continued to bring out the review si ...
Sri
Aurobindo: A Contemporary Reader Sachidananda Mohanty - 2012 - Preview - More
editions Paul Richard's role
in the founding of the journal Arya is
an important historical factor worth a mention. Quoted in Rishabchand (see Note
6 above), p. 383.
Mira
to Mother - Page 42 - Udhaya
Kumar - 2004 - Preview
Aurobindo, Mira and Paul Richard decided
to publish a philosophical review in English and French. Arya, the English edition was planned
to be published a thousand copies and Revue de la Gande Synthese, the French
edition was planned...
World War I (WWI) was a global war centred in Europe
that began on 28 July 1914 and lasted until 11 November 1918… In 1912 and 1913,
the First Balkan War was fought between the Balkan
League and the fracturing Ottoman Empire .
The resulting Treaty of London further shrank the
Ottoman Empire, creating an independent Albanian
State while enlarging the territorial
holdings of Bulgaria , Serbia , Montenegro ,
and Greece .
When Bulgaria attacked both Serbia and Greece
on 16 June 1913, it lost most of Macedonia
to Serbia and Greece and Southern
Dobruja to Romania
in the 33-day Second Balkan War, further destabilising the
region.[24]
On 28 June 1914, Gavrilo
Princip, a Bosnian Serb student and member of Young
Bosnia, assassinated the heir to the Austro-Hungarian throne, Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria in Sarajevo,
Bosnia.[25] This
began a month of diplomatic manoeuvring between Austria-Hungary ,
Germany , Russia , France ,
and Britain
called the July Crisis. Wanting to finally end Serbian interference
in Bosnia , Austria-Hungary delivered the July Ultimatum to Serbia , a series of ten demands intentionally
made unacceptable, intending to provoke a war with Serbia .[26] When
Serbia agreed to only eight
of the ten demands, Austria-Hungary
declared war on 28 July 1914. Strachan argues,
"Whether an equivocal and early response by Serbia would have made any
difference to Austria-Hungary's behaviour must be doubtful. Franz Ferdinand was
not the sort of personality who commanded popularity, and his demise did not
cast the empire into deepest mourning".[27]
The Russian Empire, unwilling to allow Austria–Hungary to eliminate
its influence in the Balkans, and in support of its longtime Serb protégés,
ordered a partial mobilisation one day later.[19] The
German Empire mobilized on 30 July 1914, ready to apply the "Schlieffen
Plan", which planned a quick, massive invasion of France to eliminate the
French army, then to turn east against Russia. The French cabinet resisted
military pressure to commence immediate mobilisation, and ordered its troops to
withdraw 10 km from the border to avoid any incident. France only
mobilized on the evening of 2 August, when Germany invaded Belgium and attacked
French troops. Germany declared war on Russia on the same day.[28] The
United Kingdom declared war on Germany on 4 August 1914, following an
"unsatisfactory reply" to the British ultimatum that Belgium must be
keptneutral.[29]
Opening hostilities: Confusion among the
Central Powers
The strategy of the Central Powers suffered from miscommunication.
Germany had promised to support Austria-Hungary's invasion of Serbia, but
interpretations of what this meant differed. Previously tested deployment plans
had been replaced early in 1914, but the replacements had never been tested in
exercises. Austro-Hungarian leaders believed Germany would cover its northern
flank against Russia.[30] Germany,
however, envisioned Austria-Hungary directing most of its troops against
Russia, while Germany dealt with France. This confusion forced the Austro-Hungarian Army to divide its
forces between the Russian and Serbian fronts.
On 9 September 1914, the Septemberprogramm,
a possible plan that detailed Germany's specific war aims and the conditions
that Germany sought to force on the Allied Powers, was outlined by German Chancellor Theobald von Bethmann-Hollweg. It was
never officially adopted… After the First Battle of the Marne (5–12
September 1914), both Entente and German forces began a series of
outflanking manoeuvres, in the so-called "Race
to the Sea".
Western
Front (World War I) Initially the Germans were successful,
particularly in the Battle of the Frontiers (14–24
August). By 12 September, the French, with assistance from the British forces, halted
the German advance east of Paris at the First Battle of the Marne (5–12
September), and pushed the German forces back some 50 km. The last days of
this battle signified the end of mobile
warfare in the west.[10] …
This army, led by general Paul von Hindenburg defeated Russia in a
series of battles collectively known as the First Battle of Tannenberg (17
August – 2 September). But the failed Russian invasion, causing the fresh
German troops to move to the east, allowed the tactical Allied victory at
the First Battle of the Marne.
African theatre of World War I Some of the first
clashes of the war involved British, French, and German colonial forces in
Africa. On 7 August, French and British troops invaded the German protectorate
of Togoland.
On 10 August, German forces in South-West Africa attacked South
Africa; sporadic and fierce fighting continued for the rest of the war.
Serbian
Campaign (World War I) Austria invaded and fought the Serbian army
at the Battle of Cer and Battle of Kolubara beginning on 12 August.
Asian and Pacific theatre of World War I New Zealand occupied German
Samoa (later Western Samoa) on 30 August 1914. On 11 September,
the Australian Naval and
Military Expeditionary Force landed on the island of Neu Pommern (later
New Britain), which formed part of German
New Guinea. On 28 October, the cruiser SMS
Emden sunk the Russian cruiser Zhemchug in the Battle
of Penang.
Balkans
Campaign (World War I) For the first ten months of 1915,
Austria-Hungary used most of its military reserves to fight Italy. German and
Austro-Hungarian diplomats, however, scored a coup by persuading Bulgaria to
join the attack on Serbia. The Austro-Hungarian provinces of Slovenia, Croatia
and Bosnia provided troops for Austria-Hungary,
invading Serbia as well as fighting Russia and Italy. Montenegro allied itself
with Serbia.[65]
Middle Eastern theatre of World
War I
The Ottoman Empire joined the Central Powers in the war, the secret Ottoman-German Alliance having been
signed in August 1914.[71] It
threatened Russia's Caucasian territories and Britain's communications with
India via the Suez Canal… Throughout 1915–17, the British Empire and
France suffered more casualties than Germany, because of both the strategic and
tactical stances chosen by the sides.
